Precolonial Cameroon

until 1884

Before sustained European contact, the territory that would become Cameroon was home to a range of societies and kingdoms: the Sao and later Kotoko city-states of the Chad basin, the Bamum kingdom and the Tikar and Bamileke chiefdoms of the western highlands, and the Fulani emirate of Adamawa born of the jihad of the early nineteenth century. These polities rested on agricultural, pastoral and trading economies and on their own political institutions, long before any European administrative presence.

Official sourceUNESCO – General History of AfricaPublished 1 Jan 1989Verified 4 Sept 2026

Events of this era